A U.S. War Department investigation and evaluation
of issues generated by Jewish power, compiled in August 1919 and given
SECRET classification until 1973.
Article 10 -
Educational Committee appointed locally by Jewish communities will provide
for distribution of proportional share of public funds allocated to Jewish
schools in accordance with Article 9 and for organization and management
of these schools. The provisions of Article 9 concerning the use of
language in schools shall apply to these schools.
Article 11 -
provides that Jews shall not be compelled to violate their Sabbath and
that no elections or registration shall be held on a Saturday.
Article 12 -
provides that the foregoing provisions constitute obligations of
international concern and shall he placed under the guarantee of the
League of Nations, no change to be made without the consent of majority of
council of League of Nations which will be binding on the United States
and the leading Allies. Any member of the League Council can call
attention of the Council to possible infraction, and Coucil may take
jurisdiction of question.
Mr. Marshall in an interview of July 24,
1919 said: "The rights which have been secured have not been affected in
favor of the Jews alone, but for all minorities." In this connection it is
worthy of notice that Article 10 and 11 relate solely to the Jews.
In an earlier interview of June 30, 1919
(NEW YORK TIMES, July 1) Mr. Marshall said:
"Nothing thus far accomplished by the
Peace Conference exceeds in importance the Polish Treaty. **** It is
literally a charter of Liberty and the final act of emancipation of
those who, for centuries, have been bereft of elemental human rights.
******* It enshrines in the law of nations the eternal principles of
human liberty that constitute the distinctive features of the Ameican
Constitution by means of which, despite the divergent racial elements of
our population, we have become in fact as well as in spirit, a
homogeneous, patriotic, just nation. We have long appreciated what at
last is to enter into the consciousness of all people - that the true
purpose of government cannot be realized until majorities look upon
minorities as their equal before the law."
This statement is misleading because it
gives the reader the idea that the rights granted the Jews in Poland are
only those enjoyed by Jewish Americans whereas, quite the contrary is
true. Another interesting point is that this interview bears the same date
as the text of the Polish Treaty, namely, June 30, 1919, but the interview
appeared July 1, 1919 in the NEW YORK TIMES, while the Treaty was withheld
until the day following.
Premier Clemenceau as quoted in the NEW
YORK TIMES of July 2d defended the provisions above set out saying:
"The following articles are of a rather
different nature, in that they provide special privileges to
certain groups of these minorities: ****
"Six - Clauses 10 and 12 deal
specifically with the Jewish citizens of Poland. The information at the
disposal of the principal Allied and Associated Powers as to the
existing relations between the Jews and the other Polish citizens has
led them to the conclusion that in view of the historical development of
the Jewish question and the great animosity aroused by it, special
protection is necessary for the Jews of Poland. These clauses have been
limited to the minimum which seems necessary under the circumstances of
the present day, viz., the maintenance of Jewish schools and the
protection of the Jews in the religious observance of their Sabbath.
It is believed that these stipulations
will not create any obstacle to the political unity of Poland. They do
not constitute any recognition of the Jews as a separate political
community within the Polish State. The educational provisions contain
nothing beyond what is in fact provided in the educational institutions
of many highly organized modern states. There is nothing inconsistent
with the sovereignty of the State in recognizing and supporting schools
in which children shall be brought up in the religious influence to
which they are accustomed in their home. Ample safeguards against any
use of non-Polish language to encourage a spirit of national separation
have been provided in the express acknowledgment that the provisions of
this Treaty do not prevent the Polish State from making the Polish
language obligatory in all its schools and educational institutions."
In an editorial in the NEW YORK TIMES of
July 25, 1919 it is frankly admitted that the rights granted to the Jews
in Poland would not be tolerated for a moment in this country and offers
the weak excuse for differentiation that our immigrants came here
voluntarily while the racial minorities in Eastern Europe have been there
for thousands of years. This utterly misses the real point of the
criticism, going to the ultimate justice of the rights granted.
Says the TIMES: -
"Those in this country who have feared
that our participation in this arrangement will make it easy for
European nations to demand similar liberties for naturalized citizens in
this country and thus make impossible any attempt at real
Americanization are somewhat unduly alarmed. Most of the rights included
in the term "cultural autonomy� are already possessed by everybody in
America. Some of them are not: the provision for separate schools in
which the mother tongue of the pupils is the language of instruction,
though the language of the State must also be taught, and taught
satisfactorily, would only perpetuate a condition which German
immigrants have brought about in some parts of this country; but the
further provision that such schools should receive part of the State
funds would, of course, be inadmissible here - though we have heard
in the last year or two of American public schools in which German is
about the only language known to teachers and pupils. Such guarantees
would also perpetuate the foreign language press.
"But no racial group in America has any
reason or right to claim privileges such as are provided in the
Polish Treaty, since they are all recent immigrants who of their own
choice came to a country which had its own institutions and used the
English language. The racial minorities of Eastern Europe have dwelt
alongside other people, intermingled beyond any hope of complete
separation, for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years."
In further relation to Mr. Marshall the
following additional facts are of interest:
(1) On June 7th the Department issued a
statement giving a summary of Mr. Gibson's reports to the effects that
the stories as to pogroms were greatly exaggerated.
(2) On June 10th Mr. Marshall gave out in
Paris a report from his personal representative in Poland in which it
was stated:
"In its horror and system the
acts recalled the worst epochs of the Middle Ages."
(3) This was followed on June 17th by a
statement from Mr. Marshall making a bitter and vituperative attack on
Mr. Gibson, charging that "Gibson�s report is necessarily based on the
merest hearsay, parrot-like repetition of what has been told him in
court circles." Many specific charges of cruelty were also set out
including several which have since been reported by Mr. Gibson as
unfounded.
This statement was played up in "THE JEWISH
DAILY NEWS" (New York) of June 18th under the headlines "Mr. Gibson
Indicted". The article stated:
"Mr. Louis Marshall, chairman of the
Jewish Delegation in Paris, has not permitted the grass to grow beneath
his feet. No sooner did Mr. Hugh Gibson, whose nomination as Ambassador
to Poland is now before the Senate, report to the State Department that
there were no pogroms in Poland that Mr. Marshall set to work to show
that Mr. Gibson "has reported contrary to facts". Through Mr. Charles A.
Selden, the Paris correspondent of the "NEW YORK TIMES�, Mr. Marshall
issued a statement giving chapter and verse of the atrocities committed
against the Jews in Poland by the Poles themselves. From the statement
which appears on this page, it will be seen that the Poles admitted the
pogroms, yet Mr. Gibson never heard of pogroms or knows anything of
them. In other words his report is an attempt to whitewash the Poles."
***** In view of Mr. Marshall�s statement, and the attitude adopted by
Mr. Gibson, we do not think the latter is the proper person to represent
this country in Poland. His nomination is, as we have already said, now
pending before the United States Senate. We have felt it our duty to
protest against Mr. Gibson�s confirmation by the Senate and have sent
the following telegram to Senator Calder, Wadsworth and Penrose:
"Louis Marshall's indictment of Hugh
Gibson, him deliberately reporting conditions in Poland contrary to
facts, as printed in today's "NEW YORK TIMES", makes Mr. Gibson unfit to
be American Ambassador to Poland. We appeal to you to block confirmation
of his nomination."
"We want to go on record that a man who
in toto denies the wanton slaughter of human beings, of old men
and women, of young girls and little children, is not the man to whom
should be entrusted so important a post as the American Ambassadorship
to Poland.
If the stories of the pogroms had been
found to be untrue we would have accepted Mr. Gibson�s report, but when
he bases his finding upon mere hearsay, we must dissent."
In relation to the deliberate campaign to
defeat Mr. Gibson's confirmation, shown in the above quotation, added
significance attaches to the confidential report to the Department from
Secretary Lansing contained in telegram No. 2910 of June 26, 5 p.m. that
"Judge Brandeis and Felix Frankfurter in conversation with Gibson
yesterday, intimated that confirmation of his appointment by the Senate
might be jeopardized by the nature of his reports which they stated had
done great harm to the Jewish race."
(6) On June 19, 1919 the American Mission
stated in a telegram to the Department that Marshall and Cyrus Adler
advised Ambassador Morganthau to decline to serve on the President's
commission to investigate pogroms against Jews and Jewish persecutions
"urging that no Jew be appointed". The telegram continued: "Mr. Morganthau
is in doubt and requests that you promptly ascertain the opinion of
Schiff, Elkus, Nathan Strauss, Wise, Rosenwald and Samuel Lachman as to
his acceptance."
On June 23, 1919 the Department sent
duplicate telegrams to Louis Marshall at Paris and Felix Frankfurter in
London conveying the following message from Judge Mack:
"All parties consulted advised Morganthau
to decline appointment. Schiff, Elkus, Mack, Rosenwald, Wise, Nathan
Strauss in wire to President are suggesting postponement until his
return of commission and legal and technical advisors, but if
inadvisable suggesting he consult Marshall and Frankfurter before
acting. We have been allowed to see all of Gibson�s despatches.
Statement commented on by Marshall erroneously attributed to Gibson, who
is shortly due in Paris. Have requested that Gibson�s report be shown to
Marshall. After seeing them and Gibson, advise strongly additional
statement by Marshall. Mack."
It seems quite possible that these Jewish
leaders realized that an honest report would destroy the ammunition for
their anti-Polish propaganda and show up more strikingly the utter
unfairness of the attack on Mr. Gibson's confirmation.
Memorandum to War Department, August 16,
1919:
THE POWER AND AIMS OF INTERNATIONAL
JEWRY
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