|
1. Review article: discusses in
details the biological activities of Maritime Pine Plus®, mainly focusing
on its antioxidant and cardiovascular pharmacological profile in
light of up to date available data on Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Packer, L., Rimbach, G. and Virgili,
F. (1999) |
|
Antioxidant activity and biologic
properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from the pine (Pinus
maritima) bark, Pycnogenol. |
|
Review Article In Free Radical Biology
and Medicine, 27(5/6): 704-724. |
|
|
|
2. Review article: describes
cardiovascular pharmacologic profile of Maritime Pine Plus®, mainly high
lighting its inhibitory effects on the smoking-induced platelet
aggregation in humans. |
|
Watson, R. (1999) |
|
Reduction of cardiovascular disease
risk factors by French Maritime Pine Bark Extract. |
|
Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports XX
(VI): 326-329. |
|
|
|
3. Review article: describes
efficacy and safety profile of Maritime Pine Plus® in venous disorders in
humans. Mechanisms of reducing oedema are also discussed. |
|
Gulati, O. P. (1999) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
in venous disorders: A review. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 8-13. |
|
|
|
4. Review article: discusses the
history of ancient pine bark uses to the present day development of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Drehsen, G. (1999) |
|
From ancient pine bark uses to
Pycnogenol, ,In "Antioxidant Food Supplements in human
health", ed. L. Packer, M. Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa,
published by Academic Press, 1999, Chapter 20, pages 311-322. |
|
|
|
5. Review article: describes in
addition to the antioxidant activity of Maritime Pine Plus®, its effects on
the immune system and modulation of nitrogen monoxide metabolism,
the development of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Virgili F., Kobuchi, H., Noda, Y.,
Cossins, E. and Packer, L. (1999) |
|
Procyanidins from Pinus maritima bark:
Antioxidant activity, effects on the immune system and L. Packer, M.
Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa, published by Academic Press, 1999.
Chapter 21 pages 323-342. |
|
|
|
6. Review article: Maritime Pine Plus® is
a potent antioxidant. It provides cytoprotection, produces immuno-modulation
and strengthens blood vessels. In addition, Maritime Pine Plus® improves
circulation by inhibiting platelets aggregation and producing vaso-dilatation. |
|
Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
In "Flavonoids in Health and
Disease", ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel
Dekker Inc. NY, 1998, Chapter 17, pages 405-419. |
|
|
|
7. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the
production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells.
Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to
oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism:
antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase
activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
|
In Flavonoids in Health and Disease,
ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc.
NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
|
|
|
8. Maritime Pine Plus® shows free radical
scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species. It inhibits the
generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the
anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon, D-Y., Cho,
Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-S. (2000) |
|
Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from
the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin.1
production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
|
Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
|
|
|
9. Maritime Pine Plus® produces cell
protection by reducing the malonaldehyde (MDA) modified protein, a
known biochemical marker of free radical related cell injury. |
|
Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas, J.L.,
and Mooradian, A.D. (2000) |
|
Effect of select antioxidants on
malondialdehyde modification of proteins |
|
Nutrition, 16: 1079-1081. |
|
|
|
10. Maritime Pine Plus® produces selective
action on cell enzyme system relating to their binding capacity,
explaining its specificity of action against oxidative stress. |
|
Moini, H.,Guo, Q., and Packer, L.
2000) |
|
Enzyme inhibition and protein binding
action of Procyanidin -rich French maritime pine bark extract,
Pycnogenol: effect on xanthine oxidase. |
|
J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 5630-5639. |
|
|
|
11. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
|
Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and
Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
|
Sickle cell anemia: A potential
nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
|
Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
|
|
|
12. Maritime Pine Plus® by virtue of its
relatively higher content of procyanidins is more potent antioxidant
than other herbal-sourced antioxidants cotaining relatively higher
content of regular flavon(ol)s. This fact is explained on structural
and functional basis. |
|
Bors, W., Michel C and Stettmaier, K
(2000) |
|
Electron paramagnetic resonance
studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallete esters. |
|
Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics 374 (2):347-355. |
|
|
|
13. Maritime Pine Plus® produces
significant reduction in vascular damage caused by beta-amyloid
protein. beta-amyloidosis is one of the neuropathological hallmarks
of Alzheimer's disease(AD). This explains the role of Maritime Pine Plus®
in reducing the risk of AD. |
|
Liu, F. Lau, B.H.S., Peng, Q and Shah,
V. (2000) |
|
Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury. |
|
Biol. Pharm. Bull 23 (6): 735-737. |
|
|
|
14. Maritime Pine Plus® and one of its
components caffeic acid, modulate cellular response to oxidative
stress, contributing to the mechanisms involved in their biological
effects. |
|
Nardini, M., Scaccini, C., Packer, L.
and Virgili, F (2000) |
|
In vitro inhibition of the activity of
phosphorylase kinase, protein kinase C and protein kinase A by
caffeic acid and a procyanidin-rich pine bark (Pinus maritima)
extract. |
|
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,
1474:219-225 |
|
|
|
15. Maritime Pine Plus® in addition to its
antioxidant activity, affects the regulation of nitric oxide
metabolism and cell adhesion, contributing to its beneficial effects
in inflammatory and degenerative conditions. |
|
Packer, L. et al., (1999) |
|
French Maritime Pine Bark Extract:
Antioxidant activity and effects on regulation of nitric oxide
metabolism and cell adhesion. |
|
Experimental Biology 99 (FASEB)
Washington D.C., April, 1999; (Abstract). |
|
|
|
16. Maritime Pine Plus® protects retina of
the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress. The effect is
more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances the effects of other antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when
combined together. |
|
Chida, M., Suzuki, K., Nakanishi-Ueda,
T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D. (1999) |
|
In vitro testing of antioxidants and
biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. |
|
Ophthalmic Research 31: 407-415. |
|
|
|
17. Maritime Pine Plus® is an efficient
antioxidant due to the relative stability of its corresponding
radical and its regeneration by vitamin C and vitamin E homologue
Trolox. |
|
Guo, Q. and Packer, L. (1999) |
|
ESR studies of the procyanidin-rich
French maritime pine bark extract free radical. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (abstract). |
|
Guo, Q., Zhao, B. and Packer, L.
(1999) |
|
Electron spin resonance study of free
radicals formed from a procyanidin-rich pine (Pinus maritime) |
|
bark extract, Pycnogenol. |
|
Free Radical Biology Medicine 27
(11-12): 1308-1312. |
|
|
|
18. Maritime Pine Plus® significantly
enhances the level of antioxidant defence against reactive nitrogen
species in vitro cell (macrophage) model system. |
|
Rimbach, G., Virgili, F., Park, Y.C.
and Packer, L. (1999) |
|
Effect of procyanidins from Pinus
maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by
3-morpholinosydnomine and activated macrophages. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
|
|
|
19. The beneficial effects of
electron donating and protein binding properties of Maritime Pine Plus®
with respect to SAR of different enzyme system have been
demonstrated and discussed. |
|
Packer, L., Bito, T., Cossins, E.,
Kobuchi, H., Moini, H., Noda, Y., Rimbach, G., Roy, S., Vaya, J. and
Virgili, F. (1999) |
|
Antioxidant activity and biological
properties of a French Maritime Pine Bark extract. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (presentation). |
|
|
|
20. Maritime Pine Plus® protects (-tocopherol
in endothelial cells. |
|
Virgili F., Kim, D. and Packer, L.
(1998) |
|
Procyanidins extracted from pine bark
protect (-tocopherol in ECV 304 endothelial cells challenged by
activated RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of nitric oxide peroxynitrite. |
|
FEBS letters, 431:315-318. |
|
|
|
21. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
effect of oxidative stress and minimises hydroxyl radical-induced
DNA damage in vitro. |
|
Nelson, A.B., Lau, B.H.S., Ide, N. and
Rong, Y. (1998) |
|
Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage
oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation and hydroxyl radical-induced
DNA damage. |
|
Drug Development and Industrial
Pharmacy, 24 (2): 139-144. |
|
|
|
22. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the
production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells.
Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to
oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism:
antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase
activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
|
In Flavonoids in Health and Disease,
ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc.
NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Procyanidins extracted from Pinus
maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw
264.7 macrophages. |
|
Free Radical Biology & Medicine 24
(7/8) 1120-1129. |
|
|
|
23. Maritime Pine Plus® prolongs the
lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
|
Cossins, E., Lee, R. and Packer, L.
(1998) |
|
ESR studies of vitamin C regeneration,
order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical preparations. |
|
Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45 (3):
583-597. |
|
|
|
24. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown to be the
strongest hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenger among other
extracts tested. In addition, Maritime Pine Plus® is resistant to heat and
ascorbate oxidase. |
|
Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori, A., Kohno,
M., Shinmei, M. and Packer, L. (1997) |
|
Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical
scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the
computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. |
|
Biochem. & Mol. Biol. Int., 42
(1): 35-44. |
|
|
|
25. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the
endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free radicals
damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause for
atherosclerosis. |
|
Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V. and Lau,
B.H.S. (1995) |
|
Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. |
|
Biotechnology Therapeutics, 5 (3 &
4): 117-126. |
|
|
|
26. Maritime Pine Plus® scavenges
superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The
anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely
correlated. |
|
Blazso, G., Gabor, M., Sibbel, R. and
Rohdewald, P. (1994) |
|
Anti-inflammatory and superoxide
radical scavenging activities of procyanidins containing extract
from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions. |
|
Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3: 217-220. |
|
|
|
27. Maritime Pine Plus® was proved to be
an excellent radical scavenger of enzymatically produced hydroxyl
and singlet oxygen free radicals, two of the most dangerous free
radicals. |
|
Elstner, E.F. and Kleber, E. (1990) |
|
Radical scavenger properties of
leucocyanidine. |
|
In: Das NP, ed. Flavonoids in Biology
& Medicine III: Current issues in Flavonoid Research: National
University of Singapore Press (1990): 221-235. |
|
|
|
28. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
|
Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and
Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
|
Sickle cell anemia: A potential
nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
|
Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
|
|
|
29. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits
smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious
agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in
smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet
aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers. |
|
Araghi-Nicknam, M., ., Hosseini, S.,
Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999) |
|
Pine bark extract reduces platelet
aggregation. |
|
Integrative Medicine, 2 (2/3). 73-77. |
|
|
|
30. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking
induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner in humans. The
effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it does not
produce increase in bleeding time. |
|
Pütter, M., Grotemeyer, K.H.M., Würthwein,
G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewald, P.
(1999) |
|
Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet
aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol. |
|
Thrombosis Research, 95: 155-161. |
|
|
|
31. Maritime Pine Plus® helps to maintain
a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti platelet
aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing effects.
The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed. |
|
Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
|
Reducing the risk for stroke and heart
infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 14-17. |
|
|
|
32. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting
against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of
platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human. |
|
Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G.,
Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
|
The effect of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in
patients with coronary artery diseases. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7
(2): 19-25. |
|
|
|
33. Maritime Pine Plus® counteracts the
constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant
activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide. |
|
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B. and
Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
|
Endothelium-dependent vascular effects
of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Journal Cardiovascular Pharmacology,
32: 509-515. |
|
|
|
34. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
|
Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and
Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
|
Sickle cell anemia: A potential
nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
|
Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
|
|
|
35. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits
smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious
agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in
smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet
aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers. |
|
Araghi-Nicknam, M., ., Hosseini, S.,
Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999) |
|
Pine bark extract reduces platelet
aggregation. |
|
Integrative Medicine, 2 (2/3). 73-77. |
|
|
|
36. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking
induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner in humans. The
effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it does not
produce increase in bleeding time. |
|
Pütter, M., Grotemeyer, K.H.M., Würthwein,
G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewald, P.
(1999) |
|
Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet
aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol. |
|
Thrombosis Research, 95: 155-161. |
|
|
|
37. Maritime Pine Plus® helps to maintain
a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti platelet
aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing effects.
The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed. |
|
Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
|
Reducing the risk for stroke and heart
infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 14-17. |
|
|
|
38. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting
against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of
platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human. |
|
Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G.,
Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
|
The effect of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in
patients with coronary artery diseases. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7
(2): 19-25. |
|
|
|
39. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting
against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of
platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human. |
|
Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G.,
Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
|
The effect of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in
patients with coronary artery diseases. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7
(2): 19-25. |
|
|
|
40. Maritime Pine Plus® slows down the
process of decline in the activities of immune and blood generating
systems related to ageing and restores their functions to normal. |
|
Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and Lau B.H.S.
(1998) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated
mice. |
|
CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 54:
1168-1172. |
|
|
|
41. Maritime Pine Plus® counteracts the
constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant
activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide. |
|
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B. and
Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
|
Endothelium-dependent vascular effects
of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Journal Cardiovascular Pharmacology,
32: 509-515. |
|
|
|
42. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) and produces a moderate
hypotensive effect in rats. This is not an anti-hypertensive effect,
as that of Captopril(. |
|
Blazso, G., Gaspar R., Gabor, M., Rüve
H-J and Rohdewald, P. (1996) |
|
ACE inhibition and hypotensive effect
of procyanidinis containing extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster
Sol. |
|
Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett., 6(1): 8-11. |
|
|
|
43. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the
endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free radicals
damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause for
atherosclerosis. |
|
Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V. and Lau,
B.H.S. (1995) |
|
Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. |
|
Biotechnology Therapeutics, 5 (3 &
4): 117-126. |
|
|
|
44. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective
an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus®
decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions
characterised by increased capillary permeability. |
|
Becker, S.R. (1995) |
|
Le pycnogénol: une substance douée
de properiétés angioprotectrices |
|
dans le traitement de l'insuffisance
veineuse chronique. |
|
Journal Suisse de médecine globale,
1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
|
|
|
45. The efficacy of Maritime Pine Plus®
has been confirmed on the basis of objective and subjective signs
and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study in 40 patients
suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime Pine Plus® is a safe
veno- protector. |
|
Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W. (1995) |
|
Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique médicamenteuse
de l'oedème statique. |
|
Journal Suisse de médecine globale,
3/95 :114-115. |
|
|
|
46. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the
pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown
to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus®
provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable
and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects. |
|
Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S.
(1993) |
|
Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre
Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
|
Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
|
|
|
47. Maritime Pine Plus® tested in a
placebo-controlled, double-blind phase as well as in open phase
clinical trial. It produced significant relief and disappearance of
symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Safety was confirmed by
lack of side effects, changes in blood biochemistry and
haematological parameters. |
|
Petrassi, C., Mastromarino, A. and
Spartera, C. (2000) |
|
Phytomedicine 7(5): 383-388 |
|
|
|
48. Maritime Pine Plus® tested in a
placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, has been shown to
produce significant relief and disappearance of symptoms of chronic
venous insufficiency. |
|
Arcangeli, P. (2000) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
in chronic venous insufficiency. |
|
Fitoterapia, 71:236-244 |
|
|
|
49. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting
against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of
platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human. |
|
Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G.,
Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
|
The effect of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in
patients with coronary artery diseases. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7
(2): 19-25. |
|
|
|
50. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema
effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine Plus® gel protects the skin
against UV radiation. |
|
Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and Rohdewald,
P. (1997) |
|
Antiinflammatory activities of
procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral
and cutaneous application. |
|
Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382. |
|
|
|
51. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective
an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus®
decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions
characterised by increased capillary permeability. |
|
Becker, S.R. (1995) |
|
Le pycnogénol: une substance douée
de properiétés angioprotectrices |
|
dans le traitement de l'insuffisance
veineuse chronique. |
|
Journal Suisse de médecine globale,
1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
|
|
|
52. The efficacy of Maritime Pine Plus®
has been confirmed on the basis of objective and subjective signs
and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study in 40 patients
suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime Pine Plus® is a safe
veno- protector. |
|
Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W. (1995) |
|
Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique médicamenteuse
de l'oedème statique. |
|
Journal Suisse de médecine globale,
3/95 :114-115. |
|
|
|
53. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the
pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown
to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus®
provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable
and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects. |
|
Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S.
(1993) |
|
Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre
Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
|
Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
|
|
|
54. Maritime Pine Plus® affects favourably
the gene expression profile in human keratinocytes in vitro, thus
having a great potential in psoriasis and dermatoses. |
|
Rihn, B., Saliou, C., Bottin, MC.,
Keith, G. and Packer, L. (2001) |
|
From ancient remedies to modern
therapeutics. Pinebark uses in skin disorders revisited. |
|
Phytotherapy Research, 15:76-78. |
|
|
|
55. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits
Interferon -gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced ICAM-1 expression in human
skin cells (keratinocytes). This effect is dose and time dependent
indicating the therapeutic potential of Maritime Pine Plus® in inflammatory
skin disorders. |
|
Bito, T., Roy, S., Sen, C.K. and
Packer, L. (2000) |
|
Pine bark extract Pycnogenol
downregulates IFN-gamma - induced adhesion of T cells to human
keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. |
|
Free Radical Biology Medicine 28 (2):
219-227. |
|
|
|
56. Maritime Pine Plus® prevents solar
ultraviolet (UV)-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression in human
keratinocytes. This effect was concentration dependent indicating
the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in skin disorders induced by
UVR. |
|
Saliou, C., McLaughlin, L. and Packer,
L. (1999) |
|
French Pinus maritima bark extract
prevents ultraviolet-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression in a
human keratinocyte cell line. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
|
|
|
57. Maritime Pine Plus® prolongs the
lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
|
Cossins, E., Lee, R. and Packer, L.
(1998) |
|
ESR studies of vitamin C regeneration,
order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical preparations. |
|
Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45 (3):
583-597. |
|
|
|
58. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema
effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine Plus® gel protects the skin
against UV radiation. |
|
Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and Rohdewald,
P. (1997) |
|
Antiinflammatory activities of
procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral
and cutaneous application. |
|
Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382. |
|
|
|
59. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema
effect. applied topically, Maritime Pine Plus® significantly reduces UVB
radiation induced-erythema. |
|
Blazso, G., Rohdewald, P., Sibbel, R.
and Gabor, M. (1995) |
|
Anti-inflammatory activities of
procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster sol. |
|
Proceedings of the International
Bioflavonoid Symposium, Vienna, Austria, ed. Antus, S., Gabor, M.
and Vetschera, K. July 16-19, 1995, pages 231-238. |
|
|
|
60. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the skin
from ultraviolet-radiation-induced oxidative stress injury (lipid
peroxidation and cytotoxicity). The protective effects were related
to dose, with the highest concentration providing the greatest
benefits. |
|
Guochang, Z. (1993) |
|
Ultraviolet radiation-induced
oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblasts and antioxidant
protection. |
|
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jyväskylä
33:1-86, Jyväskylä, Finland. |
|
|
|
61. Maritime Pine Plus® shows beneficial
effects in retinopathy |
|
Spadea, L. and Balestrazzi, E. (2001) |
|
Treatment of vascular retinopathies
with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Phytother. Res., 15: 219-223. |
|
|
|
62. Maritime Pine Plus® protects retina of
the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress. The effect is
more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances the effects of other antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when
combined together. |
|
Chida, M., Suzuki, K., Nakanishi-Ueda,
T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D. (1999) |
|
In vitro testing of antioxidants and
biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. |
|
Ophthalmic Research 31: 407-415. |
|
|
|
63. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting
against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of
platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human. |
|
Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G.,
Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
|
The effect of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in
patients with coronary artery diseases. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7
(2): 19-25. |
|
|
|
64. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the
retina of the eye against free radicals damage. |
|
Ueda, T., Ueda, T. and Armstrong D.
(1996) |
|
Preventive effect of natural and
synthetic antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in the mammalian eye. |
|
Ophthalmic Research, 28: 184-192. |
|
|
|
65. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective
an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus®
decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions
characterised by increased capillary permeability. |
|
Becker, S.R. (1995) |
|
Le pycnogénol: une substance douée
de properiétés angioprotectrices |
|
dans le traitement de l'insuffisance
veineuse chronique. |
|
Journal Suisse de médecine globale,
1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
|
|
|
66. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the
pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown
to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus®
provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable
and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects. |
|
Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S.
(1993) |
|
Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre
Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
|
Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
|
|
|
67. Maritime Pine Plus® produces
significant reduction in vascular damage caused by beta-amyloid
protein. beta-amyloidosis is one of the neuropathological hallmarks
of Alzheimer's disease(AD). This explains the role of Maritime Pine Plus®
in reducing the risk of AD. |
|
Liu, F. Lau, B.H.S., Peng, Q and Shah,
V. (2000) |
|
Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury. |
|
Biol. Pharm. Bull 23 (6): 735-737. |
|
|
|
68. Maritime Pine Plus® protects nerve
cells against glutamate-induced cell damage. |
|
Kobayashi, M.S., Han, D., and Packer,
L. (2000) |
|
Antioxidants and herbal extracts
protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity |
|
Free Rad. Res. 32:115-124. |
|
|
|
69. Maritime Pine Plus® improves learning
impairment and loss of memory, common symptoms of the ageing
process. |
|
Liu, F., Zhang, Y., and Lau, B.H.S.
(1999) |
|
Pycnogenol improves learning
impairment and memory deficit in Senescence-accelerated mice. |
|
Journal of Anti-aging Medicine, 2 (4):
349-355. |
|
Lau B.H.S. Liu, F.J., Peng, Q.L. and
Zhang, Y.X. (1999) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
improves learning impairment and memory deficit in senescence
accelerated mice. |
|
Experimental Biology 99 (FASEB)
Washington D.C., April 1999; (Abstract.). |
|
|
|
70. Maritime Pine Plus® slows down the
process of decline in the activities of immune and blood generating
systems related to ageing and restores their functions to normal. |
|
Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and Lau B.H.S.
(1998) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated
mice. |
|
CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 54:
1168-1172. |
|
|
|
71. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances clearance
of H2O2 and O2-. It increases the GSH-redox cycle and antioxidant
enzymes (SOD & CAT) activities. These antioxidant mechanisms may
contribute to the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in cancer,
atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemia, inflammatory diseases and the
aging process. |
|
Wei, Z H., Peng Q.L. and Lau B.H.S.
(1997) |
|
Pycnogenol enhances endothelial cell
antioxidant defences. |
|
Redox Report, 3 (4): 219-224. |
|
|
|
72. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the
synthesis of important anti-oxidative enzymes in macrophages.
Additionally, it inhibits the production of noxious peroxides the
major mediators of inflammation thus confirming the
anti-inflammatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Bayeta, E. and Lau, B.H.S. (2001) |
|
Pycnogenol inhibits generation of
inflammatory mediators in macrophages. |
|
Nutrition Research, 20 (2): 249-259. |
|
|
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
shows free radical scavenging activity against reactive oxygen
species. It inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators
confirming the anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon, D-Y., Cho,
Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-S. |
|
Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from
the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin.1
production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
|
Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
|
|
|
73. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits
Interferon -gamme (IFN-gamma)-induced ICAM-1 expression in human
skin cells (keratinocytes). This effect is dose and time dependent
indicating the therapeutic potential of Maritime Pine Plus® in inflammatory
skin disorders. |
|
Bito, T., Roy, S., Sen, C.K. and
Packer, L. (2000) |
|
Pine bark extract Pycnogenol
downregulates IFN-gamma - induced adhesion of T cells to human
keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. |
|
Free Radical Biology Medicine 28 (2):
219-227. |
|
|
|
74. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the
production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells.
Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to
oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism:
antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase
activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
|
In Flavonoids in Health and Disease,
ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc.
NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Procyanidins extracted from Pinus
maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw
264.7 macrophages. |
|
Free Radical Biology & Medicine 24
(7/8) 1120-1129. |
|
|
|
75. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances clearance
of H2O2 and O2-. It increases the GSH-redox cycle and antioxidant
enzymes (SOD & CAT) activities. These antioxidant mechanisms may
contribute to the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in cancer,
atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemia, inflammatory diseases and the
aging process. |
|
Wei, Z H., Peng Q.L. and Lau B.H.S.
(1997) |
|
Pycnogenol enhances endothelial cell
antioxidant defences. |
|
Redox Report, 3 (4): 219-224. |
|
|
|
76. Maritime Pine Plus® scavenges
superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The
anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely
correlated. |
|
Blazso, G., Gabor, M., Sibbel, R. and
Rohdewald, P. (1994) |
|
Anti-inflammatory and superoxide
radical scavenging activities of procyanidins containing extract
from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions. |
|
Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3: 217-220. |
|
|
|
77. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the
pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown
to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus®
provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable
and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects. |
|
Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S.
(1993) |
|
Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre
Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
|
Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
|
|
|
78. Maritime Pine Plus® shows free radical
scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species. It inhibits the
generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the
anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon, D-Y., Cho,
Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-s. |
|
Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from
the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin.1
production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
|
Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
|
|
|
79. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits tumor
necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B
activation, and adhesion molecule expression, the processes involved
in the atherogenesis. TNF-alpha increases the release of superoxide
anion and H2O2; Maritime Pine Plus® dose-dependently inhibits their release |
|
Peng, Q., Wei, Z. and Lau B.H.S.
(2000) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor
kappa B activation, and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular
endothelial cells. |
|
CMLS. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57:834-841. |
|
|
|
80. Maritime Pine Plus® selectively kills
cancerous human mammary cells (MCF-7), without affecting the normal
mammary cells (MCF-10). |
|
Huynh, H.T. and Teel R.W. (2000) |
|
Selective induction of apoptosis in
human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by Pycnogenol. |
|
Anticancer Research, 20 (4):
2417-2420. |
|
|
|
81. Maritime Pine Plus® increases TNF-alpha
secretion in the macrophage system in a concentration and time
dependent manner indicating that it acts as modulator of the immune
response in macrophages. |
|
Park, Y.C., Rimbach, G., Saliou, C.,
Valacchi, G. and Packer, L. (2000) |
|
Activity of monomeric, dimeric, and
trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF-alpha secretion, and NF-kappaB-dependent
gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. |
|
FEBS Letters 2000, 14 (2-3): 93-97. |
|
|
|
82. Maritime Pine Plus® is an efficient
antioxidant due to the relative stability of its corresponding
radical and its regeneration by vitamin C and vitamin E homologue
Trolox. |
|
Guo, Q. and Packer, L. (1999) |
|
ESR studies of the procyanidin-rich
French maritime pine bark extract free radical. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (abstract). |
|
Guo, Q., Zhao, B. and Packer, L.
(1999) |
|
Electron spin resonance study of free
radicals formed from a procyanidin-rich pine (Pinus maritime) |
|
bark extract, Pycnogenol. |
|
Free Radical Biology Medicine 27
(11-12): 1308-1312. |
|
|
|
83. Maritime Pine Plus® significantly
enhances the level of antioxidant defence against reactive nitrogen
species in vitro cell (macrophage) model system. |
|
Rimbach, G., Virgili, F., Park, Y.C.
and Packer, L. (1999) |
|
Effect of procyanidins from Pinus
maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by
3-morpholinosydnomine and activated macrophages. |
|
Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World
Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
|
|
|
84. Maritime Pine Plus® slows down the
process of decline in the activities of immune and blood generating
systems related to ageing and restores their functions to normal. |
|
Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and Lau B.H.S.
(1998) |
|
Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated
mice. |
|
CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 54:
1168-1172. |
|
|
|
85. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
formation of reactive metabolites of the tobacco-specific nitroso
compound and thus supports a chemo-preventive action against NNK
induced lung cancer. |
|
Huynh, H.T. and Teel, R.W. (1998) |
|
Effects of Maritime Pine Plus®
on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK
as a function of age. |
|
Cancer letters, 132:135-139. |
|
|
|
86. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
effect of oxidative stress and minimises hydroxyl radical-induced
DNA damage in vitro. |
|
Nelson, A.B., Lau, B.H.S., Ide, N. and
Rong, Y. (1998) |
|
Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage
oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation and hydroxyl radical-induced
DNA damage. |
|
Drug Development and Industrial
Pharmacy, 24 (2): 139-144. |
|
|
|
87. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the
production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells.
Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to
oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
|
Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer,
L. (1998) |
|
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism:
antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase
activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
|
In Flavonoids in Health and Disease,
ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc.
NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
|
|
|
88. Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
|
Procyanidins extracted from Pinus
maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw
264.7 macrophages. |
|
Free Radical Biology & Medicine 24
(7/8) 1120-1129. |
|
|
|
89. Maritime Pine Plus® prolongs the
lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
|
Cossins, E., Lee, R. and Packer, L.
(1998) |
|
ESR studies of vitamin C regeneration,
order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical preparations. |
|
Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45 (3):
583-597. |
|
|
|
90. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances the
activity of the immune system in mice infected with a leukemia-
causing retrovirus. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the natural killer cell
cytotoxicity. |
|
Cheshier, J.E., Ardestani-Kaboudanian,
S., Liang B., Araghinicknam, M., Chung, S., Lane, L., Castro, A. and
Watson, R.R. (1996) |
|
Immuno-modulation by Maritime Pine Plus®
in retro-virus infected or ethanol-fed mice. |
|
Life Sci., 58(5): 87-96. |
|
|
|
92. Maritime Pine Plus® increases human
endurance during exercise by 21% providing antioxidant reserves. |
|
Pavlovic, P. (1999) |
|
Improved endurance by use of
antioxidants. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 26-29. |
|
|
|
93. Pavlovic, P., Swanson, D. and
Tirado, D. (1998) |
|
Human response to physical stress
improved by antioxidants. |
|
Proeedings Oxygen Society meeting on
20th November, 1998 (Abstract). |
|
|
|
94. Maritime Pine Plus® helps in
gynaecological disorders such as endometriosis and dymenorrhea. It
reduces menstrual cramps, abdominal pain and tenderness. |
|
Kohama, T. and Suzuki, N. (1999) |
|
The treatment of gynaecological
disorders with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2):30-32. |
|
|
|
95. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the
accumulation of fat droplets in the fatty tissue, which may
contribute to preventing obesity and maintaining optimal health. |
|
Hasegawa, N. (2000) |
|
Inhibition of lipogenesis by
Pycnogenol. |
|
Phytotherapy Research, 14: 472-473. |
|
|
|
96. Maritime Pine Plus® stimulates
lipolysis which may contribute to preventing obesity and maintaining
optimal health. |
|
Hasegawa, N. (1999) |
|
Stimulation of lipolysis by
Pycnogenol. |
|
Phytotherapy Research, 13: 619-620. |
|
|
|
97. Maritime Pine Plus® improves the
morphology of spermatozoa. The percentage of non-deformed sperms in
sub-fertile men was increased by 99% after supplementation with Maritime Pine Plus®
for three months. |
|
Roseff, S and Gulati, R. (1999) |
|
Improvement of sperm quality by Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 33-36. |
|
Roseff, S., Kessler, K. and Gulati, R.
(1998) |
|
Oral administration of Maritime Pine Plus®,
A novel antioxidant affects baseline human sperm morphology, but not
sperm count , motility or functions. |
|
Proc. 54th Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Reprod.
Med.October,1998 in San Francisco, USA. |
|
Fertility & Sterility 70(3):
S-265-266. |
|
|
|
98. Maritime Pine Plus®, its components
and metabolites are bio-available in human for more than 24 hours to
produce their beneficial effects. |
|
Grosse-Düweler, K. and Rohdewald, P.
(2000) |
|
Urinary metabolites of French maritime
pine bark extract in humans. |
|
Pharmazie 55:364-368. |
|
|
|
Bio-kinetics (absorption, metabolism
and excretion) of Maritime Pine Plus®
in healthy human subjects has been demonstrated by studying the
excretion pattern of ferulic acid (one of the components of Maritime Pine Plus®). |
|
Virgili, F., Pagana, G. Bourne, L.,
Rimbach, G., Natella, F., Rice-Evance, C and Packer, L. (2000) |
|
Ferulic acid excretion as a marker of
consumption of a French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark extract. |
|
Free Radical Biology & Medicine,
28 (8)1249-1256. |
|
|
|
99. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown to be
bioavailable based on its therapeutic effects in vivo:- the
prevention of platelet aggregation and the capillary sealing effect.
Valerolactones as sulphates or glucronides appear in the urine and
they represent the active metabolites of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
|
Bioavailabilty and metabolism of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
|
European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7
(2): 5-7.
|
Queen
Victoria
