by Eustace Mullins
APPENDIX
E.C. Knuth, in The Empire of
the City, priv. printed, 1946, p. 27, refers to "the Bank of
England, the full partner of the American Administration in the conduct
of the financial affairs of all the world" and cites the
Encyclopaedia Americana, 1943 edition. Barron cites Lord
Swaythling, (April 8, 1923), "Lord Swaythling said, 'Exchange can only
be run from London. This is the center in Exchange.'" (They Told
Barron, by Clarence W. Barron, founder of Baron's Weekly,
Harpers, New York, 1930, p. 27.) Exchange, in the international
financial world, means the transactions in money or securities, or
simply, the "exchange" of the values of these securities. It is
necessary that this "exchange" take place where the values can be
established, and this place is the "City" in London.
London was established as the primary center of
exchange because of the "Consols" of the Bank of England, bonds which
could never be redeemed, but which paid a stable rate of return. Henry
Clews writes, in The Wall Street View, Silver Burdett Co.
1900, p. 255, "The Consolidated Act of 1757 consolidated the debts of
the nation of England at 3%, which were kept in an account at the Bank
of England and is the great bulwark of its deposits." By ostentatiously
"dumping" "Consols" on the London Exchange after the Battle of Waterloo,
in a pretended panic, Nathan Meyer Rothschild then secretly bought up
the Consols sold in the panic by other holders at a low rate, and became
the largest holder of Consols, and thus won control of the Bank of
England in 1815.
12% Dividends
Although a Labor government nationalized the Bank of
England in 1946, The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia points out
(vol. I, p. 490c) that the Bank of England continues to pay 12%
dividends per annum, just as it had done prior to the nationalization.
The "Governor" is appointed by the government, in a situation similar to
that in the United States, where the Governors of the Federal Reserve
System are appointed by the President. However, as is pointed out in the
Encyclopaedia Americana v. 13, p. 272, "In practice, the
governors of the Bank of England have not hesitated to criticize and
bring pressure on the government in public."
Bank Rate
The interest rate set by the Bank of England is known
as "the Bank rate", and it is a controlling factor in interest rates
throughout the world, although rates in other countries may be higher or
lower than this "Bank rate". The Bank of England manages the government
debt, and is called upon to arbitrate in political affairs. It served as
the intermediary with the Iran revolutionaries in negotiating for the
return of the American hostages--a recent example.
We should not be surprised that the present Governor
of the Bank of England, Sir Gordon Richardson is a prominent
international financial figure, who appears elsewhere in these pages
because of his connection with the J. Henry Schroder Wagg in London from
1962 to 1972, when he became Governor of the Bank of England. He was
also director of J. Henry Schroder Co., New York, and Schroder Banking
Corp., New York. He also serves as director of Rolls Royce and Lloyd's
Bank. Although he resides in London, he maintains a home in New York,
and is listed in the current Manhattan directory simply as "G.
Richardson, 45 Sutton Place S.", although a prior listing showed him at
4 Sutton Place. Sutton Place was developed as a fashionable address for
the international set by Bessie Marbury, whom we earlier cited for her
connection with the Morgan family and the Roosevelts.
The present directors of the Bank of England (1982)
include Leopold de Rothschild of N.M. Rothschild & Sons, Sir Robert
Clark, chairman of Hill Samuel Bank, the most influential bank after
Rothschilds, John Clay, of Hambros Bank, and David Scholey, of Warburg
Bank, and joint chairman of S.C. Warburg Co.
Anthony Sampson writes, in "The Changing Anatomy of
Britain", Random House, New York, 1982, p. 279, "The more cosmopolitan
banks with foreign experts and directors, such as Warburgs, Montagus,
Rothschilds and Kleinworts, had also discovered a huge new source of
profits in the market for Eurodollars which began in the late fifties
and multiplied through the 60s . . . British bankers themselves
controlled relatively small funds, but they knew how to make money out
of other people's money."
The Eurodollar market, a new development in "created
money" is monopolized by the above firms.
Eurodollar Empire
"Today, together with allies on the island of
Manhattan (Britain's most important piece of real estate), the British
Empire controls the entire $1.5 trillion Eurodollar financial market,
another $300-$500 billion in the Cayman Islands, Bahamas, and $50-$100
billion in the Hong-Kong Singapore "Asia-dollar market". . . . Consider
the $1.5 trillion Eurodollar market an "outlaw" market in the U.S.
dollars over which this nation has no control. Here control and profits
are overwhelmingly in the hands of London banks, who set the terms of
lending and the interest rate on this mass of American dollars in
relation to the London Interbank Borrowing Rate (LIBOR) . . .
U.S. banks like Citibank (New York City), on whose
board of directors sits the powerful British financier, Lord Aldington,
collaborate openly in this market. At the same time, British banks
including the known central bank for the world's drug trade, the
Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, pour into America to devour U.S. banks. In
1978 the Hongshang (Ed.--Hongkong and Shanghai Bank) took over New
York's Marine Midland Bank, the state's 11th largest commercial bank. .
. The British also control the creation of American dollars. While
Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker tightens credit against the
domestic economy, British-controlled banks in the Cayman Islands (such
as the European American Bank--Ed.) a British possession 200 miles off
Florida, and in the Bermudas and a dozen other "free banking" computer
terminals create hundreds of billions of American dollars. How is this
done? There are no reserve ratios or other restrictions on the creation
of dollar-denominated credits in the Empire's "free enterprise" banking.
A $1 million bona fide credit coming from the United States can be
turned into $20 to $100 million in dollar-denominated credits as it
passes through the British system without reserve ratios."*
Not only the financial power, but also the legal
power, has remained seated in Britain. The Washington Post commented on
June 18, 1983 that after the American Revolution, all the old laws
remained in effect in the new United States: Some of these laws of
"English common law" dated back to 1278, long before America was
discovered.
This enormous financial power of "the City" is
revealed in many areas. Dean Acheson states, in "Present at the
Creation", 1969, W.W. Norton, New York, p. 779, "We stayed at the
embassy residence, the old J.P. Morgan mansion, 14 Prince's Gate, facing
Hyde Park." How many Americans are aware that the U.S. Embassy residence
in London is the J.P. Morgan home, or that Dean Acheson, a former Morgan
employee, described himself as Secretary of State on p. 505, "My own
attitude had long been, and was known to have been, pro-British." No one
commented on an American Secretary of State's open bias in favor of
England.
The Federal Reserve "created" money is not used only
for financial matters; this money is also used to maintain the bankers'
control of every aspect of political, economic and social life. It is
used to bankroll the enormous expenditures of political candidates, the
swollen budgets of universities, the huge outlays required to start
newspapers or magazines, and a vast array of foundations, "think-tanks"
and other instruments of mind control.
Psychological Warfare
Few Americans know that almost every development in
psychology in the United States in the past sixty-five years has been
directed by the Bureau of Psychological Warfare of the British Army. A
short time ago, the present writer learned a new name, The Tavistock
Institute of London, also known as the Tavistock Institute of Human
Relations. "Human relations" covers every aspect of human behavior, and
it is the modest goal of the Tavistock Institute to obtain and exercise
control over every aspect of human behavior of American citizens.
Because of the intensive artillery barrages of World
War I, many soldiers were permanently impaired by shell shock. In 1921,
the Marquees of Tavistock, 11th Duke of Bedford, gave a building to a
group which planned to conduct rehabilitation programs for shell shocked
British soldiers. The group took the name of "Tavistock Institute" after
its benefactor. The General Staff of the British Army decided it was
crucial that they determine the breaking point of the soldier under
combat conditions. The Tavistock Institute was taken over by Sir John
Rawlings Reese, head of the British Army Psychological Warfare Bureau. A
cadre of highly trained specialists in psychological warfare was built
up in total secrecy. In fifty years, the name "Tavistock Institute'
appears only twice in the Index of the New York Times, yet this group,
according to LaRouche and other authorities, organized and trained the
entire staffs of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the Strategic
Bombing Survey, Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces,
and other key American military groups during World War II. During World
War II, the Tavistock Institute combined with the medical sciences
division of the Rockefeller Foundation for esoteric experiments with
mind-altering drugs.
The present drug culture of the United States is
traced in its entirety to this Institute, which supervised the Central
Intelligence Agency's training programs. The "LSD counter culture"
originated when Sandoz A.G., a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G.
Warburg & Co., developed a new drug from lysergic acid, called LSD.
James Paul Warburg (son of Paul Warburg who had written the Federal
Reserve Act in 1910), financed a subsidiary of the Tavistock Institute
in the United States called the Institute for Policy Studies, whose
director, Marcus Raskin, was appointed to the National Security Council.
James Paul Warburg set up a CIA program to experiment with LSD on CIA
agents, some of whom later committed suicide. This program, MK-Ultra,
supervised by Dr. Gottlieb, resulted in huge lawsuits against the United
States Government by the families of the victims.
The Institute for Policy Studies set up a campus
subsidiary, Students for Democratic Society (SDS), devoted to drugs and
revolution. Rather than finance SDS himself, Warburg used CIA funds,
some twenty million dollars, to promote the campus riots of the 1960s.
The English Tavistock Institute has not restricted its activities to
left-wing groups, but has also directed the programs of such supposedly
"conservative" American think tanks as the Herbert Hoover Institute at
Stanford University, Heritage Foundation, Wharton, Hudson, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, and Rand. The "sensitivity training" and
"sexual encounter" programs of the most radical California groups such
as Esalen Institute and its many imitators were all developed and
implemented by Tavistock Institute psychologists.
One of the rare items concerning the Tavistock
Institute appears in Business Week, Oct. 26, 1963, with a photograph of
its building in the most expensive medical offices area of London.
The story mentions "the Freudian bias" of the
Institute, and comments that it is amply financed by British blue-chip
corporations, including Unilever, British Petroleum, and Baldwin Steel.
According to Business Week, the psychological testing programs and group
relations training programs of the Institute were implemented in the
United States by the University of Michigan and the University of
California, which are hotbeds of radicalism and the drug network.
It was the Marquees of Tavistock, 12th Duke of
Bedford, whom Rudolf Hess flew to England to contact about ending World
War II. Tavistock was said to be worth $40 million in 1942. In 1945, his
wife committed suicide by taking an overdose of pills.
* Harpers Magazine, Feb. 1980
BIOGRAPHIES
NELSON ALDRICH (1841-1915)
Senator from Rhode Island; head of National Monetary Commission; his
daughter Abby Aldrich married John D. Rockefeller, Jr.; he became the
grandfather of his namesake. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, as well as the
present David Rockefeller and Laurence Rockefeller.
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN (1860-1925)
Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State, three times losing presidential
candidate of the Democratic Party, in 1896, 1900, and 1908, and head of
the Democratic Party.
ALFRED OWEN CROZIER (1863-1939)
A prominent attorney in Grand Rapids, Cincinnati, and New York, Crozier
wrote eight books on legal and monetary problems, focussing on his
opposition to the supplanting of Constitutional money by the corporation
currency printed by private firms for their profit.
CLARENCE DILLON (1882-1979)
Born in San Antonio, Texas, son of Samuel Dillon and Bertha Lapowitz.
Harvard, 1905. Married Anne Douglass of Milwaukee. His son, C. Douglas
Dillon (later Secretary of the Treasury, 1961-65) was born in Geneva,
Switzerland in 1909 while they were abroad. Dillon met William A. Read,
founder of the Wall Street bond broker William A. Read and Company,
through introduction by Harvard classmate William A. Phillips in 1912
and Dillon joined Read's Chicago office in that year. He moved to New
York in 1914. Read died in 1916, and Dillon bought a majority interest
in the firm. During World War 1, Bernard Baruch, chairman of the War
Industries Board, (known as the Czar of American industry) asked Dillon
to be assistant chairman of the War Industries Board. In 1920, William
A. Read & Company name was changed to Dillon, Read & Company. Dillon was
director of American Foreign Securities Corporation, which he had set up
in 1915 to finance the French Government's purchases of munitions in the
United States. His righthand man at Dillon Read, James Forrestal, became
Secretary of the Navy, later Secretary of Defense, and died under
mysterious circumstances at a Federal hospital. In 1957, Fortune
Magazine listed Dillon as one of the richest men in the United States,
with a fortune then estimated to be from $150 to $200 million.
ALAN GREENSPAN (1926- )
Appointed by President Reagan to succeed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in 1987. Greenspan had
succeeded Herbert Stein as chairman of the President's Council of
Economic Advisors in 1974. He was the protégé of former chairman of the
Board of Governors, Arthur Burns of Austria (Bernstein). Burns was a
monetarist representing the Rothschild's Viennese School of Economics,
which manifested its influence in England through the Royal Colonial
Society, a front for Rothschilds and other English bankers who stashed
their profits from the world drug trade in the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank.
The staff economist for the Royal Colonial Society was Alfred Marshall,
inventor of the monetarist theory, who, as head of the Oxford Group,
became the patron of Wesley Clair Mitchell, who founded the National
Bureau of Economic Research for the Rockefellers in the United States.
Mitchell, in turn, became the patron of Arthur Burns and Milton
Friedman, whose theories are now the power techniques of Greenspan at
the Federal Reserve Board. Greenspan is also the protégé of Ayn Rand, a
weirdo who interposed her sexual affairs with guttural commands to be
selfish. Rand was also the patron of CIA propagandist William Buckeley
and the National Review. Greenspan was director of major Wall Street
firms such as J.P. Morgan Co., Morgan Guaranty Trust (the American bank
for the Soviets after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917), Brookings
Institution, Bowery Savings Bank, the Dreyfus Fund, General Foods, and
Time, Inc. Greenspan's most impressive achievement was as chairman of
the National Commission on Social Security from 1981-1983. He juggled
figures to convince the public that Social Security was bankrupt, when
in fact it had an enormous surplus. These figures were then used to
fasten onto American workers a huge increase in Social Security
withholding tax, which invoked David Ricardo's economic dictum of the
iron law of wages, that workers could only be paid a subsistence wage,
and any funds beyond that must be extorted from them forcibly by tax
increases. As a partner of J.P. Morgan Co. since 1977, Greenspan
represented the unbroken line of control of the Federal Reserve System
by the firms represented at the secret meeting on Jekyll Island in 1910,
where Henry P. Davison, righthand man of J.P. Morgan, was a key figure
in the drafting of the Federal Reserve Act. Within days of taking over
as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Greenspan immediately raised
the interest rate on Sept. 4, 1987, the first such increase in three
years of general prosperity, and precipitated the stock market crash of
Oct., 1987, Black Monday, when the Dow Jones average plunged 508 points.
Under Greenspan's direction, the Federal Reserve Board has steadily
nudged the United States deeper and deeper into recession, without a
word of criticism from the complaisant members of Congress.
COLONEL EDWARD MANDELL HOUSE (1858-1938)
Son of a Rothschild agent in Texas. Succeeded in electing five
consecutive governors of Texas; became Woodrow Wilson's advisor in 1912.
Cooperated with Paul Warburg to get the Federal Reserve Act passed by
Congress in 1913.
ROBERT MARION LAFOLLETTE (1855-1925)
Served in Senate from Wisconsin 1905-25. Led agrarian reformers in
opposing Eastern bankers and their plans for the Federal Reserve Act.
Ran for President in 1924 on Progressive-Socialist ticket.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS LINDBERGH, SR. (1860-1924)
Congressman from Minnesota (1907-1917) who led the fight against
enactment of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. He served until 1917 when
he resigned to run for governor of Minnesota. He ran a good campaign
despite adverse newspaper attacks led by The New York Times. His
campaign was adversely affected when Federal agents burned his books,
including Why Is Your Country At War? and the papers and contents of his
home office in Little Falls, Minnesota.
LOUIS T. McFADDEN (1876-1936)
Congressman and Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee,
1927-33; courageously opposed the manipulators of the Federal Reserve
System in the 1920's and the 1930's. Introduced bills to impeach Federal
Reserve Board of Governors and allied officials. After three attempts on
his life, he died mysteriously.
JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN (1837-1913)
Considered the dominant American financier at the turn of the century.
Who's Who in 1912 stated he "controls over 50,000 miles of railroads in
the United States." Organized United States Steel Corporation. Became
representative of House of Rothschild through his father, Junius S.
Morgan, who had become London partner of George Peabody & Company, later
Junius S. Morgan Company, a Rothschild agent. John Pierpont Morgan, Jr.
succeeded his father as head of the Morgan empire.
DAVID MULLINS (1946- )
Appointed Governor of the Federal Reserve Board May 21, 1990, David
Mullins' term runs to Jan. 31, 1996. He was recently nominated to serve
as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, and served as Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance 1988-90, receiving the
department's highest award, the Alexander Hamilton Award, for his
service in such programs as synthetic fuels, federal finance, Farm
Credit Assistance Board, and author of the President's Plan for rescuing
the savings and loan institutions. He is a distant cousin of the author,
descended from John Mullins, the first recorded settler in the western
area of Virginia, hero of the battle of King's Mountain, and recipient
of a 200 acre grant of land for his service in the American Revolution.
WRIGHT PATMAN (1893-1976)
Congressman and Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee
1963-74. Led the fight in Congress to stop the manipulators of the
Federal Reserve System from 1937 to his death in 1976.
CONGRESSMAN ARSENE PUJO
Served in Congress 1903-1913. Democrat from Louisiana. Chairman of House
Banking and Currency Committee. Chairman of "Pujo Hearings"
Subcommittee, 1912.
SIR GORDON RICHARDSON (1915- )
Head of the Bank of England since 1973. Chairman J. Henry Schroder Wagg,
London, 1962-72; director of J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation, New
York; Schroder Banking Corporation, New York; Lloyd's Bank, London;
Rolls Royce.
JACOB SCHIFF (1847-1920)
Born in Rothschild house in Frankfurt, Germany. Emigrated to United
States, married Therese Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb, founder of Kuhn,
Loeb and Co. Schiff became senior partner of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., and as
representative of Rothschild interests gained control of most of railway
mileage in United States.
BARON KURT VON SCHRODER (1889- )
Adolph Hitler's personal banker, advanced funds for Hitler's accession
to power in Germany in 1933; German representative of the London and New
York branches of J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation; SS Senior Group
Leader; director of all German subsidiaries of I.T.T; Himmler's Circle
of Friends; advisor to board of directors, Deutsche Reichsbank (German
central bank).
ANTHONY MORTON SOLOMON (1919- )
Educated at Harvard, economist Office of Price Administration, 1941-42;
financial mission to Iran, 1942-46; Agency for international Development
South America, 1965-69; president international Investment Corporation
for Yugoslavia 1969-72; advisor to Chairman, Ways and Means Committee,
House of Representatives, 1972-73; Undersecretary Monetary Affairs, U.S.
Treasury, 1977-80; president Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1980-
SAMUEL UNTERMYER (1858-1940)
A partner of the law firm of Guggenheimer and Untermyer of New York, who
conducted the "Pujo Hearings" of the House Banking and Currency
Committee in 1912. Counsel for Rogers and Rockefeller in many large
suits against F. Augustus Heinze, Thomas W Lawson and others. Earned a
single fee of $775,000 for handling merger of Utah Copper Company.
Reported in The New York Times May 26, 1924 as urging immediate
recognition of Soviet Russia at Carnegie Hall meeting. Untermyer's
prestige and power is illustrated by the fact that this front page
obituary in The New York Times covered six columns. His listing in Who's
Who was the longest for thirteen years.
FRANK VANDERLIP (1864-1937)
Assistant Secretary of Treasury 1897-1901; won prestige for financing
Spanish American War by floating $200,000,000 in bonds during his
incumbency for what is known as "National City Bank's War" President of
National City Bank 1909-19. One of the original Jekyll Island group who
wrote Federal Reserve Act in November, 1910. No mention of this
important fact is made in extensive obituary in The New York Times, June
30, 1937.
GEORGE SYLVESTER VIERECK (1884-1962)
Author of the definitive study The Strangest Friendship in History,
Woodrow Wilson and Col. House, Liveright, 1932. A leading poet of the
early 1900's, reviewed on the front page of The New York Times Book
Review, and known as the leading German-American citizen of the United
States.
PAUL VOLCKER (1927- )
Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since 1979, appointed
by President Carter, reappointed by President Reagan for another four
year term beginning August 6, 1983. Educated at Princeton, Harvard and
London School of Economics; employed by Federal Reserve Bank of New
York, 1952-57; Chase Manhattan Bank, 1957-61; Treasury Department,
1961-74; president Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1975-79.
PAUL WARBURG (1868-1932)
Conceded to be the actual author of our central bank plan, the Federal
Reserve System, by knowledgeable authorities. Emigrated to the United
States from Germany 1904; partner, Kuhn Loeb and Company bankers, New
York; naturalized 1911. Member of the original Federal Reserve Board of
Governors, 1914-1918; president Federal Advisory Council, 1918-1928.
Brother of Max Warburg, who was head of German Secret Service during
World War I and who represented Germany at the Peace Conference,
1918-1919, while Paul was chairman of the Federal Reserve System.
SIR WILLIAM WISEMAN (1885-1962)
Partner of Kuhn, Loeb and Company; head of British Secret Service during
World War I. Worked closely with Col. House dominating the United States
and England.
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Newspapers:
New York Times 1858-1983
Washington Post 1933-1983
Periodicals:
Barron's Weekly 1921-1983
Business Week 1929-1983
Forbes Magazine 1917-1983
Fortune 1930-1983
Harper's 1850-1983
National Review 1955-1983
Newsweek 1933-1983
The Nation 1865-1983
The New Republic 1914-1983
Time 1923-1983
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Federal Reserve Board, 1930
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California, 1976
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Press, N.Y. 1948
Behind the Throne, Paul Emden, Hoddard Stoughton, London, 1934
The Money Power of Europe, Paul Emden, Hoddard Stoughton, London
The Robber Barons, Mathew Josephson, Harcourt Brace, N.Y. 1934
The Rothschilds, Frederic Morton, Curtis Publishing Co., 1961
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War, National Monetary Commission, 1911
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Faro, N.Y. 1931
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1919
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Banking Reform in the United States, Paul Warburg, Columbia Univ., 1914
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Reserve Bank of Boston, 1977 (7 printings, 1977-1982, totaling 92,000
copies.) [It is noteworthy that this 64 page booklet makes no mention of
Jekyll Island, Paul Warburg's authorship, or source of promotion funds
which resulted in enactment of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23,
1913.]
The Federal Reserve and Our Manipulated Dollar, Martin A. Larson, Devin
Adair Co., Old Greenwich, Conn., 1975
Chain Banking, Stockholder and Loan Links of 200 Largest Member Banks,
House Banking and Currency Committee, Jan. 3, 1963
International Banking, Staff Report, Committee on Banking Currency and
Housing, May 1976
Audit of the Federal Reserve System, Hearings Before the House Banking
and Currency Committee, 1975.
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